Biography born he indiana prophet tenskwatawa when

Tenskwatawa

Native American leader (1775–1836)

Tenskwatawa (; along with called Tenskatawa, Tenskwatawah, Tensquatawa subservient Lalawethika) (January 1775 – November 1836) was a Native American metaphysical and political leader of decency Shawnee tribe, known as the Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet.

He was a younger fellow of Tecumseh, a leader be snapped up the Shawnee. In his indeed years Tenskwatawa was given illustriousness name Lalawethika ("He Makes capital Loud Noise" or "The Get Maker"), but he changed passion around 1805 and transformed in the flesh from a hapless, alcoholic adolescence into an influential spiritual ruler.

Tenskwatawa denounced the Americans, work them the offspring of magnanimity Evil Spirit, and led top-hole purification movement that promoted uniformity among the Indigenous peoples good deal North America, rejected acculturation tolerate the American way of sure of yourself, and encouraged his followers obstacle pursue traditional ways.

In loftiness early 1800s, Tenskwatawa formed well-organized community with his followers proximate Greenville in western Ohio, mushroom in 1808 he and Tecumtha established a village that righteousness Americans called Prophetstown north conjure present-day Lafayette, Indiana. At Prophetstown, the brothers' pan-American Indian energy movement increased to include zillions of followers, and Tenskwatawa wanting the spiritual foundation.

Together, they mobilized the American Indians personal the Northwest Territory to match the Americans, and they remained resolute in their rejection have a phobia about American authority and acculturation.

On November 7, 1811, while Shawnee was away, Tenskwatawa ordered blue blood the gentry pre-dawn attack on a tart, encroaching American military force encamped near Prophetstown that initiated magnanimity Battle of Tippecanoe.

The Dweller Indians retreated after a two-hour engagement and abandoned Prophetstown, which the Americans burned to description ground. The battle did shed tears end the American Indians' stamina against the United States, on the contrary the Prophet lost his power, became an outcast, and pretentious to Canada during the Contest of 1812. After Tecumseh was killed at the Battle attention the Thames in 1813, leadership American Indian resistance movement faltered and was eventually defeated.

Tenskwatawa remained as an exile assimilate Canada for nearly a period. He returned to the Merged States in 1824 to promote the U.S. government with excellence Shawnee removal to reservation country in present-day Kansas. The faultfinding Prophet arrived at the Algonquin reservation in 1828 and colourless into obscurity.

Tenskwatawa died excel what is known as grandeur Argentine district of present-day River City, Kansas, in 1836.

Early life and family

Lalawethika ("He Adjusts a Loud Noise" or "Noise Maker"), who as an male changed his name to Tenskwatawa ("Open Door" or "One Exchange of ideas Open Mouth"), was one behove a set of triplet brothers born in early 1775 curry favor Puckeshinwa and Methoataske in unadulterated Shawnee village along the Unhinged River in western Ohio.

Adjourn of the triplets died secret the first year of fillet birth, but Tenskwatawa and king surviving triplet, Kumskaukau, were employees of a family that limited in number at least eight children (three daughters and five sons).^[1] Lalawethika's early years showed no verification of the powerful spiritual ruler he would become as hoaxer adult.

Instead, his sad enjoin isolated youth was marked vulgar numerous failures and alcoholism.^[2]^[3]

Tenskwatawa's priest, Puckenshinwa ("Something That Falls"), was a leader of the Kispokotha division of the Shawnee class. He was killed fighting bite the bullet the Virginia militia in primacy Battle of Point Pleasant hitherto Tenskwatawa was born.^[4] His keep somebody from talking, Methoataske (or Methoataaskee, meaning "[One who] Lays Eggs in ethics Sand"), is believed to fleece either Muscogee Creek, Cherokee, conquest Shawnee, possibly of Pekowi splitting up and the Turtle Clan.^[5]^[6] Methoataske, who was frightened by honourableness American Revolution and deeply disarray by the death of Puckenshinwa, may have gone to physical with her Creek relatives bear then moved west with influence Kispokothas in 1779, leaving Tenskwatawa and his siblings in rendering care of their older missy, Tecumpeas, who was married.^[1]

Tenskwatawa, who was not as successful cliquey brave as his brothers, was a failure "at almost nevertheless he attempted" during his youth.^[7] When Chiksika, his oldest fellow and a leading warrior, took his brothers out to entry and fight in small battles, Tenskwatawa stayed behind because forbidden lacked competence as a helpful hunter and warrior.

Tenskwatawa was never able to distinguish in the flesh as a hunter or plane as Tecumseh, another of rule older brothers.^[3] Tecumseh, who was seven years older, was be over especially gifted athlete who became the favorite of most publicize the tribe. In contrast, Tenskwatawa was isolated, unpopular, and hollow by his lack of advantage.

He began drinking alcohol, which further lowered his self-esteem view increased his problems. He too blinded himself in his remedy eye with his own quarrel when he was younger.^[7] Remote and insecure, Tenskwatawa attempted hug make up for his deficiencies by boasting and making stance stories about how talented don important he was.

His consternation and alcoholism worsened as illegal grew older, making him not able to provide for his helpmate and several children.^[8]

In 1794, nineteen-year-old Tenskwatawa was present at decency Battle of Fallen Timbers anti two of his brothers, Tecumtha and Sauwauseekau, but he blunt not distinguish himself as systematic warrior.

Instead, Tenskwatawa viewed say publicly battle as a chance cut short re-insert himself into tribal company. In his late twenties, good taste decided to become a behaviour towards man and apprenticed with spiffy tidy up tribal healer, Penagashea ("Changing Feathers"). However, when Tenskawatawa was not able to save his people make sure of they fell seriously ill, perhaps with influenza, he became crushed and even more depressed.^[7] Saturate the early 1800s, Tenskawatawa esoteric developed a reputation as precise notorious drunk among the Algonquin living along the White River.^[3]

Purification movement leader

In 1795, after high-mindedness Battle of Fallen Timbers, blue blood the gentry Indians of the Old Nor'west signed the Treaty of Town with the American government, wealthy which they agreed to deliver up most of modern Ohio.

Interpose return, the American government committed to allow them to restrain the remainder of the Northwestern Territory forever. After 1803, nevertheless, the main official in decency Northwest, William Henry Harrison, began pressuring the tribes of loftiness Old Northwest to cede modernize land west of the Town line.^[9] President Thomas Jefferson discipline Harrison tried to pressure primacy tribes into adopting Euro-American tariff, especially European-style farming.

They hoped that such acculturation would fashion the tribes more willing tote up cede additional land but very believed that they could strength the tribes into acculturating make wet pressuring them to cede make more complicated of their remaining territory. Spoil this end, Jefferson encouraged Land officials in the Northwest make haste deliberately entrap the tribes waning the region in debt jab force them to cede dull.

Many established chiefs, such thanks to Black Hoof and Little Overturn, encouraged their followers to take in European customs and tried stalk maintain good relations with nobility American government. After 1803, Actor convinced some pro-accommodation chiefs be cede large areas of turmoil west of the Greenville tidy. The American government paid solution these cessions with annuities, which it placed under the heap of the pro-accommodation chiefs.

Myriad Indians saw these payments tempt bribes to the pro-accommodation chiefs.^[10]

These land cessions were also dubious because the American government habitually paid the tribes far boneless than the market price compensation the land which it derived. Moreover, Harrison often bought languid from tribes which had rather weak claims to it, interminably ignoring the stronger claims corporeal other tribes.^[11] Meanwhile, Euro-American settlers rapidly moved onto the area which the tribes of class Old Northwest had not all the more ceded.

Many settlers sold the cup that cheers to the tribes, contributing fit in a growing problem of drunkenness.^[2]^[12] The land cessions, along exchange these trends, contributed to maturation discontent among the tribes remark the Old Northwest and evenly undermined the authority of decency pro-accommodation chiefs.

The stage was thus set for the emanation of a nativist movement.^[13]

Beginning create 1805, Lalawethika had a stack of religious visions that transformed his life, caused him tablet change his name to Tenskwatawa (meaning "Open Door"), and in the buff him to reject his long-lived ways. He experienced his pull it off vision in May 1805, as he fell into unconsciousness close one of his alcoholic stupors and was thought to remedy dead.

Unexpectedly reviving as monarch body was being prepared encouragement burial, he recounted a muscular vision of two different heavenlies body, one filled with ample blessings for the virtuous ones who lived as the master operate life intended, while the joker world was filled with ache, hardship, and terror for those who refused to follow unrecorded tribal ways.

Tenskwatawa became unheard of as "The Prophet," began lecture and gathered a growing figure of followers. He soon emerged as a powerful and painstaking spiritual leader.^[7] More visions followed in succeeding months, including revelations that the European invaders chomp through the east were "the dynasty of the evil spirit.".^[14]^[15]

The Prophet's developing purification movement caused him to urge his followers offer reject European habits, such by the same token consumption of alcohol, and fall upon return to their traditional habits.

He wanted his people pressurize somebody into reject the white man's impost by forbidding marriages between Indians and whites, as well bit the use of Euro-American foods, clothing, and manufactured goods. Tenskwatawa also encouraged his people expect follow traditional gender roles (women as farmers, men as hunters and warriors).^[2] Tenskwatawa proved obviate be harsh, even brutal, birth his treatment of those who opposed him and his intimation.

He accused his detractors, attend to anyone who associated with settlers, of witchcraft, including Indians who had converted to Christianity. Funding Tenskwatawa, Indian witches remained description most active agents of magnanimity evil spirits on earth, bid he sought to identify abstruse destroy them.^[16]^[17]

Greenville and Prophetstown founder

In 1805, Tenskwatawa, who evolved jerk an effective speaker and charming leader of his religious amplify, formed a new community peer his followers along the Grey River, near the present lodge of Greenville in western Ohio.^[18]^[19] Harrison, the governor of Indiana Territory, derided Tenskwatawa as top-hole fraud.^[20] He wrote a character to the Delawares urging them to challenge Tenskwatawa to "cause the sun to stand motionless ...

or the dead interruption rise from their graves", objects that "If he does these things you may then determine that he has been suggest by God." He also esoteric the letter printed in deft major newspaper. Tenskwatawa responded indifference correctly predicting that an transcend would occur on June 16, 1806. This prediction strengthened crown credibility and humiliated Harrison ^[21]^[22]

The Prophet detested the leaders achieve the United States government, inclusive of Jefferson and Harrison.

Tenskwatawa too opposed some tribal leaders, specified as Little Turtle, and their representatives because he felt put off they had agreed to illustriousness demands of the government.^[23] In the way that some of the tribal chiefs tried to promote compromise distinguished conciliation with the United States, Tenskwatawa, proclaiming his obedience make out the Great Spirit, lashed weigh down against the pro-U.S.

sympathizers coupled with castigated them as wicked traitors.^[24]

While the Prophet continued to deliver a sermon unity among his people, prompting them to resist the regulation and the settlers' way work at life, Tecumseh began to call up the tribes at Greenville on top of establish a pan-Indian resistance current.

Officials in Ohio became trouble about the increasing numbers outline the Prophet's followers. As character settlers became more hostile unacceptable planned to take action, Tenskwatawa was finding it increasingly tough to feed his expanding neighbourhood pub. Although there was opposition stranger some tribal leaders such in the same way Little Turtle, Tenskwatawa decided principle move farther west and source a village in a betterquality remote location to further just a stone's throw away his followers from the settlers.^[12]^[25]

In 1808, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh supported a new village along description Tippecanoe River, north of concomitant Lafayette, Indiana.

The settlers denominated the Indian village Prophetstown, rearguard the Shawnee spiritual leader. Prophetstown soon expanded into a decisive, multi-tribal community of the Prophet's followers that became a "powerful Indian city-state" for his priestly movement.^[12]^[26] Willig (1997) argues guarantee Prophetstown became the largest Fierce American community in the Aggregate Lakes region and served reorganization a major center of Amerind culture, a temporary barrier disparage the encroaching settlers' westward shipment, and a base to eject the whites and their elegance from the territory.^[27] Located nigh the juncture of two rivers, the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, Prophetstown gained significance as splendid central point in the state and military alliance that was forming around Tecumseh, as exceptional as the spiritual hub be required of the purification movement that interpretation Prophet established to preserve ethnological culture.^[28]

Under the leadership of Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, the village fascinated thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians.

Though the village endured hardships, specified as food shortages, epidemics, nearby tribal disagreements, Prophetstown became create intertribal, religious stronghold within probity Indiana Territory for 3,000 Unbroken Americans.^[27]^[29] An estimated 14 diverse tribal groups comprised the fusion at Prophetstown, but the fullness of its inhabitants came use up Shawnee, Delaware, and Potawatomi tribes.^[12] The growing community also caused settlers in the area go to see fear that Tecumseh was formulation an army of warriors give a warning destroy their settlements.^[18] There were also some Tutelo as agreeably.

One effect of the progressive pan-Indian alliance was steady impulse from Harrison and the U.S. government to establish land-cession treaties, including a pivotal one feeling in 1809. Under the damage of the Treaty of Turret castle Wayne, the tribes in loftiness Wabash River area ceded finish estimated 2.5 to 3 king`s ransom acres of land to description U.S.

government. While warriors long to congregate at Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, who adamantly desirable to retain their independence exaggerate the United States, denounced probity treaty. They became openly cruel to those who had monogrammed it, including other tribal leading, and began discussions of top-hole possible alliance with the British.^[30]^[31]

War with the United States

Later years

After Tecumseh's death in 1813, Tenskwatawa taken aloof a small group of set attendants, but had no significant predominance position among the American Indians in the subsequent decade.

Thorough 1824, at the request allround Lewis Cass, the governor stencil Michigan Territory, the aging Augur returned to the United States to assist the federal administration with its plans for influence Shawnee removal west of rectitude Mississippi River. Tenskwatawa hoped reward involvement would allow him nip in the bud regain some influence as orderly leader among the Shawnee.^[41]

In 1826, Tenskwatawa traveled through Vincennes reach a compromise a group of 500 Algonquin from reservation land at Wapaghkonetta, Ohio, and headed west glare the Mississippi and Kansas Rivers to the Shawnee reservation outing present-day Kansas.^[42] Tenskwatawa, who alighted in Kansas on May 14, 1828, established a village baptized Prophetstown on reservation land smother the Argentine district of of the time Kansas City, Kansas.^[43]^[44]

In his valedictory years, as his influence halfway the Shawnee declined, Tenskwatawa unfrequented himself from the majority relief the tribe.

A few days before his death, Tenskwatawa prearranged to pose for George Catlin, who painted his portrait hoot a Shawnee "holy man" plug traditional attire.^[45] Tenskwatawa departed have round Kansas and lived there involve obscurity for twelve years in the balance his death.^[43]^[46]

Death and legacy

Tenskwatawa deadly in November 1836 at rulership cabin, a site in up to date Kansas City's Argentine district.

Excellence White Feather Spring historical gravestone, erected in 1978, denotes representation approximate location of his gravesite in Kansas City, which remained unmarked for decades.^[43] Tenskwatawa's inheritance birthright was a mix of cleanse and failures. While he became a powerful spiritual leader collide with hundreds of followers in honourableness first decade of the Ordinal century, his success in give it some thought effort only lasted about shock wave years.

The Prophet transformed human being from a hapless, alcoholic early life filled with failures into effect influential religious leader. Tenskwatawa preached unity and helped to swelling the morale of his bring into being by encouraging them to imprints traditional ways. He also remained resolute in his rejection unfamiliar his family and of dignity United States authority and socialization to the Euro-American way slant life.

After the defeat lay out his people at the Warfare of Tippecanoe, the Prophet dead beat the remainder of his living trying to regain some apply his previous political power. Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh along with their followers were not successful joist achieving the long-term results they wanted. They lost a toilsome and violent struggle that penniless them of their lands conduct yourself the Northwest Territory, largely in that of the relentlessness and large-scale efforts of the United States, but their defiance was dinky noble effort.^[47]^[48]

Because most white Americans of his era were novel with Native American culture, they did not understand the Prophet's religious movement.

Since his fixate in 1836, the Prophet has been relegated to a noncritical role. Those who knew Tenskwatawa after 1825, when he cack-handed longer had his previous affect as a religious leader, designated him as a "shallow opportunist." However, it was Tenskwatawa, mewl Tecumseh, who provided the nonmaterialistic foundation for the Indian resilience movement in the Midwest shrub border the years immediately preceding character War of 1812.^[49] In goodness Indiana Territory, the violence turn this way erupted between the U.S.

last the pan-Indian alliance that Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh established at Prophetstown led to the relocation decay territorial capital from Vincennes resemble Corydon, Indiana. In addition, U.S. efforts to remove Indian population from the Indiana Territory added after the War of 1812 and led to their artificial removal to reservations in honesty trans-Mississippi west.^[46]

Citations

^ ^a^bR.

Painter Edmunds (1985). The Shawnee Prophet. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Business. p. 29. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cJames H. President (2014). Hoosiers: A New Story of Indiana. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and probity Indiana Historical Society Press.

p. 38. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cAndrew R. L. Cayton (1996). Frontier Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 206. ISBN .
^John Sugden (1997). Tecumseh: A Life. Creative York: Henry Holt and Unit.

p. 14. ISBN .
^Noel Schutz. "The of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa". Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^Sugden, Tecumseh, pp. 13–16.
^ ^a^b^c^dJames H. Madison deed Lee Ann Sandweiss (2014).

Hoosiers and the American Story. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 13. ISBN .
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, pp. 30–32.
^Reginald Horsman, Expansion and Inhabitant Indian Policy, 1783 – 1812 (Michigan State University Press, 1967), 142 – 157; Jefferson viewpoint the Indians, 221 – 226
^Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Strive for Unity, 1745 - 1815, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Cogency, 116 - 140
^Owens, Robert Classification.

(2002). "Jeffersonian Benevolence on nobleness Ground: The Indian Land Keep in shape Treaties of William Henry Harrison". Journal of the Early Republic. 22 (3): 405–435. doi:10.2307/3124810. JSTOR 3124810.
^ ^a^b^c^dMadison and Sandweiss, p.

14.
^Timothy Willig, Restoring the Chain noise Friendship, 209
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet p. 38.
^Richard White notes defer in the Algonquian tradition decency "Great Serpent" came from loftiness sea and stood for premonition powers. Similarly, Tenskwatawa explained lapse white men (American colonists), who came from the eastern coast, were the spawn of loftiness Great Serpent and intended be in breach of harm them.

See Richard Ivory (1991). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in nobility Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. University University Press. p. 507. ISBN .
^Cayton, pp. 207–8.
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet p. 39.
^ ^a^b^cLinda C.

Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015). Indiana's 200: Magnanimity People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Association Press. p. 346. ISBN .
^Edmunds, The Algonquin Prophet, p. 34.
^Edmunds, The Algonquin Prophet, pp. 47–49.
^ Owens, Mr.

Jefferon's Hammer, p. 125 - 126
^Alfred A. Cave, Prophets of the Great Spirit: Congenital American Revitalization Movements in Feel one\'s way North America, 2005, University disturb Nebraska Press, 88
^ ^a^b^c^dMadison playing field Sandweiss, p.

15.
^Timothy D. Willig (2008). Restoring the Chain star as Friendship: British Policy and probity Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783–1815. U of Nebraska Beseech. p. 207. ISBN .
^Madison, pp. 38–39.
^Madison, holder. 39.
^ ^a^bTimothy D.

Willig (March 1997). "Prophetstown on the Wabash: The Native Spiritual Defense identical the Old Northwest". Michigan Ordered Review. 23 (2): 115–58. doi:10.2307/20173677. JSTOR 20173677.
^Cayton, pp. 209–10.
^Cayton, p. 210.
^Cayton, pp. 210–12.
^From George Washington's regard William Henry Harrison's presidential administrations, the U.S.

government's attempts pause obtain Indian lands in rectitude Old Northwest Territory from copious tribes eventually succeeded. Under say publicly terms of multiple treaties, significance Indians ceded their territorial territory to the U.S. government connect exchange for annuity payments opinion reservation land in the dalliance United States.

As a appear in, the majority of the Indians had moved west, across honesty Mississippi River, by the 1840s. Large numbers of Euro-American settlers entered the former Indian-held residence to acquire the vacated peninsula. See Willig (March 1997),"Prophetstown leak the Wabash," pp. 115–158.
^Gugin accept St. Clair, eds., p.

345.
^Madison, p. 41.
^ ^a^bEdmunds, The Algonquin Prophet, p. 105.
^Owen, p. 217
^Cayton, pp. 222–24.
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, p. 106–15.
^Cayton, p. 223.
^Cayton, pp. 224–25.
^Madison, p.

43.
^ ^a^bGugin extort St. Clair, eds., pp. 347–48.
^"Shawnee Indians - Wapakoneta Ohio - Vincennes Indiana". Boston Reporter become calm Telegraph. December 15, 1826. p. 3. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
^ ^a^b^c"Shawnee Prophet's Grave and White Get Spring, 1836"(PDF).

Unified Government dominate Wyandotte County and Kansas Forte, Kansas. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, p. 185.
^Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, p. 186.
^ ^a^bGugin and Exacting.

Clair, eds., p. 348.
^Cayton, owner. 225.
^Madison, p. 44.
^Edmunds, The Algonquin Prophet, pp. 186, 190.

General pointer cited references

Cayton, Andrew R. Renown. (1996). Frontier Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

ISBN .
Dell Comics (1956). Ben Bowie and His Hatful Men. Vol. 7. Western Printing take precedence Lithographing Company.
Edmunds, R. David (1985). The Shawnee Prophet. Lincoln: Establishing of Nebraska Press. ISBN .
Edmunds, Notice.

David. (1983). "Tecumseh, The Algonquian Prophet, and American History: Splendid Reassessment". Western Historical Quarterly. 14 (3): 261–76. doi:10.2307/969620. JSTOR 969620. (Argues the Prophet was much work up important than Tecumseh.)
Indiana's 200: Character People Who Shaped the Hoosier State.

Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Theatre group Press. 2015. pp. 346–48. ISBN .
Madison, Felon H. (2014). Hoosiers: A Advanced History of Indiana. Bloomington alight Indianapolis: Indiana University Press unacceptable the Indiana Historical Society Repress. ISBN .
Madison, James H., and Face Ann Sandweiss (2014).

Hoosiers viewpoint the American Story. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 13–16. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Owens, Robert M. (2007). Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Chemist Harrison and the Origins position American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.

ISBN .* Schutz, Noel. "The Family shop Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa".
"Shawnee Indians - Wapakoneta Ohio - Vincennes Indiana". Boston Reporter and Telegraph. Dec 15, 1826. p. 3. Retrieved Feb 18, 2013.
"Shawnee Prophet's Grave challenging White Feather Spring, 1836"(PDF).

The same Government of Wyandotte County stream Kansas City, Kansas. Retrieved May well 24, 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
"The Cover of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa". Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Sugden, John (1997). Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Henry Holt and company.

ISBN .
White, Richard (1991). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics make money on the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
Willig, Christian D. (March 1997). "Prophetstown accede the Wabash: The Native Transcendental green Defense of the Old Northwest".

Michigan Historical Review. 23 (2): 115–158. doi:10.2307/20173677. JSTOR 20173677.
Willig, Timothy Return. (2008). Restoring the Chain invite Friendship: British Policy and goodness Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783-1815. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN .