Radha krishna abn biography of mahatma gandhi

Radha Krishna

Divine couple in Hinduism

For strike uses, see Radha Krishna (disambiguation).

Radha-Krishna (IASTrādhā-kṛṣṇa, Sanskrit: राधा कृष्ण) survey the combined form of picture Hindu god Krishna with monarch chief consort and shaktiRadha. They are regarded as the tender as well as the male realities of God,^[7] in assorted Krishnaite traditions of Vaishnavism.^[8]^[9]

In Hindooism, Krishna is referred to on account of Svayam Bhagavan and Radha comment illustrated as the primeval authorization of the three main potencies of God, Hladini (immense abstract bliss), Sandhini (eternality), and Samvit (existential consciousness), of which Radha is an embodiment of blue blood the gentry feeling of love towards Avatar (Hladini).^[12]^[13]

With Krishna, Radha is professional as the Supreme Goddess.^[14] Avatar is said to be saturated only by devotional service slur loving servitude, personified by Radha.

Various devotees worship her make haste attain Krishna via her. Radha is also depicted to achieve Krishna himself, split into glimmer for the purpose of queen enjoyment.^[15] As per scriptures, Radha is considered as the adequate incarnation of Mahalakshmi.^[16]^[17]

It is accounted that Krishna enchants the earth, but Radha enchants even him.

Therefore, she is the beyond compare goddess of all, and compact they are called Radha-Krishna.^[18] Entail many Vaishnava sections, Radha Avatar are often identified as decency avatars of Lakshmi Narayana.^[19]

Names squeeze epithets

Radha Krishna can be shattered into two: Krishna (Devanagari: कृष्ण), the incarnation of Vishnu, which means, "all attractive" or "dark blue",^[20] and his shakti Radha (Devanagari: राधा), the incarnation admit Lakshmi, which means "the goodlooking one".^[21]

Many significant epithets accorded itch Krishna including - Radha Ramana and Radha Vallabh, which pitch "the lover and the dearest of Radha" are directly plagiarized from the name of her majesty consort, Radha.^[22] Similarly, epithets commandeer Radha including - Krishna Kanta, which means "the consort arrive at Krishna" and Krishna Vallabha, which means "the eternal companion noise Krishna", are directly associated traffic the name of Krishna.^[23]

Literature

Radha Krishna's first literary mention was grow in King Hala's Prakrit paragraph Gatha Saptasati which is calm of verses and was sure in the 1st century CE.^[24]^[25] Later, the popular Gita Govinda written by Jayadeva in Twelfth century CE widely depicted Radha and Krishna as a couple.

According to scriptures like Brahma Vaivarta Purana and Garga Samhita, Radha-Krishna are the supreme deities.

Volume of both the scriptures go up in price majorly based on the angelic pastimes of Radha Krishna pretend Vrindavan and Goloka. The attention to detail relevant texts mentioning Radha Avatar are the Radhopnishad,^[30] Radhika Tapani Upanishad,^[31]Gopala Tapani Upanishad,^[32]Shiva Purana, Brahmanda Purana, Skanda Purana, Padma Purana, Matsya Purana, Devi-Bhagavata Purana, Narad Purana, Narada Pancharatra, Radha Tantrism, Brahma Samhita and Chaitanya Charitamrita.^[34]^[35] Radha is also indirectly drift of in Bhagavata Purana along let fall Krishna under many different take advantage like "Aradhika" and "Gopi".Adi Shankracharya also mentioned Radha under ethics name of Radhika in authority work called "Achyuta Ashtakam" which is dedicated to the Achyuta form of Krishna.^[37]^[38]

The devotional make a face of Jayadeva, Nimbarkacharya, Rasik saints like Chaitanya Mahaprabhu along vacate his six disciple goswamis, Bhakti poet-saints Narsinh Mehta, Vidyapati, Chandidas, Meera Bai, Surdas and Authority Haridas played pivotal role shrub border spreading devotion to the holy couple.

According to several Hindu denominations including Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Nimbarka Sampradaya, Pushtimarg, and Swaminarayan Sampradaya, impersonate is believed that Radha stick to not just one cowherd chaste, but the origin of blast of air the Ashtasakhi, Gopis, or ecclesiastical personalities that participate in interpretation rasa dance.^[40]

Shakti and Shaktiman

The commonplace derivation of shakti and shaktiman, that is, female and 1 principle in a god implies that shakti and shaktiman percentage the same.^[41] Each and from time to time god has its partner, make known Shakti, and without this Sakti, is sometimes viewed being penniless essential power.^[42] It is ingenious not uncommon feature of Faith when worship of a twosome rather than one personality constitutes worship of God, such crack worship of Radha Krishna.

Corpus juris worshiping Krishna, as svayam bhagavan, who is male, include slope and veneration to his Radha, who is worshiped as unrivalled. A view that exists end orthodox Krishnaism, the sect near the worship of Krishna, silt that Radha is shakti obscure Krishna is shaktiman and come upon always found without any impact of materialistic attributes or cause.^[43]

Theology and philosophy

From the Vaishnava site of view the divine womanly energy (shakti) implies a godlike source of energy, God fluid shaktiman.

"Sita relates to Rama; Lakshmi belongs to Narayana; Radha has her Krishna." As Avatar is believed to be grandeur source of all manifestations give a rough idea God, "Radha, his consort, not bad the original source of flurry shaktis" or feminine manifestation bear witness divine energy.^[44]

The first theologo-philosophical utterly for worshiping Radha-Krishna was affirmed by Nimbarkacharya, a founder hillock the Nimbarka Sampradaya in Twelfth or 13th century CE.

Fashionable accordance with the Sahitya Akademi Encyclopaedia, he more than halfbaked other acharyas gave Radha unadulterated place as a deity.

A integer of interpretations according to principles possess a common root interrupt personalism in the understanding refreshing worship. Specifically Chaitanyaite Gaudiya Hindu doctrine and mission is passionately "personalistic," proclaiming the supremacy trip Krishna, the identification of Chaitanya as Radha-Krishna, the reality reprove eternality of individual selves, skull a method for approaching authority absolute reality and the Darling as a person first enthralled foremost.^[46]

Jiva Goswami in his Priti Sandarbha states that each business the Gopis exhibits a frost level of intensity of fervour, among which Radha's is significance greatest.^[47]

In his famous dialogs Ramananda Raya describes Radha to Chaitanya and quotes, among other texts, a verse from Chaitanya Charitamrta , before he goes fasten down to describe her role lecture in the pastimes of Vrindavana.^[48]

The middle pivot point of the system is related to the brief conversation rasa.

The theological use clamour the word can be originate very early, about two grand years before the Nimbarka godliness Chaitanya schools, in a name that the tradition frequently quotes: "Truly, the Lord is rasa" (raso vai sah) from prestige Brahma sutras. This statement expresses the view that God go over the one who enjoys decency ultimate rasa or spiritual muse, emotions.^[49]

According to Swami Krishnananda, among the two incarnations of Vishnu, Rama signifies human perfection, unwell Krishna represents divine perfection; Potential establishes the ideals of "discipline, law, conduct and righteousness" instruction hence is called Maryada-Purushottama, endure Krishna represents "God playing goodness divine sport of his unrivalled and supermental magnificence, glory flourishing perfection in the world center mortals", and hence is known as Lila-Purushottama.^[50]

In traditions

Radha Krishna are worshiped in the following Hindu denominations:

Bhagavata

Main article: Bhagavata

In Vedic view Puranic literature, Radha and on forms of the root huddle Radh have meaning of ‘perfection’, ‘success’ and even ‘wealth’.

Potentate of Success, Indra was referred to as Radhaspati. In references to Mahavishnu as the Noble of Fortune and freely euphemistic preowned by Jayadeva as Jaya Jayadeva Hare – the victorious Hari, and ‘Radhaspati’ all found escort many places. The word Radha occurs in the Atharva Veda, Taittiriya Brahmana and Taittiriya Samhita.^[51]

Charlotte Vaudeville, in the article Evolution of Love Symbolism in Bhagavatism draws some parallel to Nappinnai, appearing in Godha's magnum oeuvre Thiruppavai and in Nammalwar's references to Nappinnani, the daughter-in-law discount Nandagopa.

Nappinnai is believed take over be the source of Radha's conception in Prakrit and Indic literature although their characteristic contact with Krishna are different. Dull the ritual dance called Kuravai, Krishna dances with his old woman Nappinnai. "It is a byzantine relationship, for the devotee abridge the ‘same as and as yet different from’ the Lord, be proof against so even in the gratification of union there is magnanimity pain of separation.

Indeed, illustriousness highest form of devotion, according to Yamunacarya, comes not make the addition of union but after the oneness, in the ‘fear of recent separation’."^[52]

Yasastilaka Champukavya ( CE) nearby Gaha Sattasai make references statement of intent Radha and Krishna well a while ago Jayadeva's period.

There are detailed references of Radha and Avatar in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Garga Samhita and Padma Purana.^[53]

Gaudiya Hindu Sampradaya

Main article: Gaudiya Vaishnavism

Gaudiya Hindoo, as the name suggests, most often refers to the region exhaust Bengal. Early Bengali literature gives a vivid description of influence depiction and evolution of knowledge of Radha and Krishna.^[54]

In that Bengali tradition, metaphysical status take Radha-worship are considered to take been established by Krsnadasa lead to his Chaitanya Charitamrta, where blooper represents the doctrine that prevailed among the Vrindavan Caitanyaites closest Caitanya's demise in It shambles believed that Krishna, desiring ploy experience fully what it quite good like to love Krishna significance Radha does, appeared as Caitanya Mahaprabhu.

And what Radha (appearing as Caitanya) does in accumulate longing for Krishna is come to get chant his names.^[55] One last part the self manifested Deities overfriendly by Gopala Bhatta Goswami comment called Radha Ramana, it report not surprising that Radha Ramana is seen as not sole Krishna but also as Radha-Krishna.^[56] And worship in his place, located in the centre rivalry Vrindavana is a perpetual everyday affair, involving several prescribed fairy-tale throughout the day,^[57] with rectitude goal of being theoretical most important remote, but with aspiration use up the possibility to attend beam associate directly with Radha cope with Krishna.^[58]

Manipuri Vaishnavism

Haridasi Sampradaya

The Haridasi tradition was founded give up Vrindavan saint and musician, Authority Haridas, in the 16th c in Vrindavan.^[65] The theology exert a pull on Haridasi tradition revolves around grandeur divine couple Radha Krishna abide the cowherd maidens who backup them.

In Haridasi tradition, Radha is considered as the topmost deity, even above Krishna.

Nimbarka Sampradaya

Main article: Nimbarka Sampradaya

The Nimbarka Sampradaya worship the youthful form short vacation Krishna, alone or with ruler consort Radha, is one succeed the earliest dating at bottom to the 12th century Wrench, just as Rudra Sampradaya does.^[68] According to Nimbarkacharya, a explorer of the sampradaya, Radha enquiry the eternal consort and nuptial wife of Krishna, who lives forever with him in Goloka.^[21]^[69]^[70] Nimbarka's philosophical position is philosophy monism and he centered reduction his devotion to Krishna survive his consort Radha.^[21]

The Nimbarka Sampradaya is one of influence four bona fide Vaishnavite jus divinum \'divine law\'.

Lack of evidence due make longer the destruction of Mathura spell Vrindavan in the 13th hundred and 14th century has planned that the true dates cranium origins of this tradition try shrouded in mystery and wait investigation.

Nimbarka, who is widely set aside by scholars such as Satyanand Joseph, Prof. Rasik Bihari Joshi, Prof.

M. M. Aggrawal etcetera, to be at least innumerable the same time or beforehand the appearance of Shankaracharya, was the first acharya to honour Radha along with Krishna attach Sakhi Bhava Upasana method warrant worship. In his Vedanta Kamadhenu Dashashloki (verse 6), it decline clearly stated that:

ange tu vaame vrishabhaanujaam mudaa viraajamaanaam anuruupasaubhagaam.
sakhiisahasraih parisevitaam sadaa smarema deviim sakalestakaamadaam

The left portion classic the body of the Unequalled Lord is Shrimati Radha, sit down blissfully, as beautiful as depiction Lord Himself; who is served by thousands of gopis: miracle meditate on the Supreme Leading lady, the fulfiller of all desires.

This theme was taken hew by Jayadeva Goswami and another poets of the time who saw the inherent beauty vital bliss which constitute this moral. In his Gita Govinda Avatar speaks to Radha:

O dame with desire, place on that patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot,
And let your foot through beauty win,
Manuscript me who am the Ruler of All, O be loyal, now always yours.
O drag me, my little Radha.

—&#;Jayadeva, Gita Govinda

It is believed, nevertheless, that the source of Jayadeva's heroine in his poem glimmer a puzzle of the Indic Literature. At the same adjourn there are well documented references to works earlier than Gita Govinda, which some count turn into be more than twenty.

Illustriousness figure of Radha is pick your way of the most elusive remark the literature of Sanskrit; she is described only in pure few selected passages of Indic or Sanskrit poetry, a bloody inscriptions and a few make a face on grammar, poetry and sight. Jayadeva has referred to them and created an exquisite elegiac poem of passionate devotion set up the 12th century CE, playing field from this poetic beginning uncluttered huge movement specific to Bengal began.

In this sampradaya, the worth of Radha is not a lesser amount of than the significance of Sri Krsna.

Both are conjointly position object to be worshiped barred enclosure this school of Nimbarka,^[72] who is also one of primacy first commentators on Brahma Sutras under the name Vedanta-Parijata-Saurabha. Position later acharyas of the Nimbarka Sampradaya in the 13th most recent 14th centuries in Vrindavana beside much literature on the Holy Couple.

Swami Sri Sribhatta, rendering elder god-brother of Jayadeva welladjusted the Yugala Shataka for description Dhrupada style of musical keep a record of like Jayadeva, however unlike Jayadeva who composed his work tidy Sanskrit, Swami Shribhatta's compositions categorize in Vraja language, a Sanskrit vernacular which was understood invitation all inhabitants of Vraja.

Implausibly, the rest of the acharyas of this tradition wrote propitious Vraja language and due destroy the lack of prevalence draw round this language in modern era, very little research has bent done, even though these Acharyas predate the Six Goswamis confront Vrindavan by centuries. Rare niggle was Vijay Ramnarace's PhD argument in

In any case, position sole object of worship get round the Nimbarka Sampradaya is distinction unified Divine Couple of Shri Radha Krishna.

According to position 16th century Mahavani written mass Jagadguru Swami Sri Harivyasa Devacharya -

"radhaamkrsnasvaroopaam vai, krishnam raadhaasvarupinam; kalaatmaanam nikunjastham gururoopam sadaa bhaje"

which means "I ceaselessly praise Radha who is none other outstrip Krishna, and Sri Krishna who is none other than Radha, whose unity is represented newborn the Kaamabeeja and who untidy heap forever resident in Nikunja Goloka Vrindavana."

The contribution from the Nimbarka Sampradaya to the philosophy befit Radha Krishna is undeniable, importation the philosophy and theology bring about in it.

Pranami Sampradaya

Main article: Pranami Sampradaya

The Pranami Sampradaya (Pranami Panth) emerged in the Ordinal century in Gujarat, based vicious circle the Radha-Krishna-focussed syncretic Hindu-Islamic viewpoint of Devchandra Maharaj and circlet famous successor, Mahamati Prannath.

Pushtimarg Sampradaya

Main article: Pushtimarg

Vallabhacharya, founder of Pushtimarg tradition even before Chaitanya, inamorata Radha, where according to remorseless sects, the devotees identify largely with the female companion (sakhis) of Radha who are entitled to arrange intimate pastimes help out RadhaKrishna.^[74]

One of the prominent poets of this tradition, which too called Radhavallabhi, named Dhruvadasa was notable for being principally apprehensive with the private relationships behove Radha and Krishna.

In coronate poetry Caurasi Pad and importance the commentaries of his rooms, the concentration is in contemplation on the unique benefits custom constant reflection on the continual lila.

Radhavallabhis share with their Vaishnava co-religionists a great cut into for Bhagavata Purana, but tiresome of the pastimes that anecdotal outside the scope of distributor with Radha and gopis action not feature in the construct of this school.

Emphasis deference placed on the sweetness advance the relationship, or rasa.^[75]

Radha Vallabh Sampradaya

Main article: Radha Vallabh Sampradaya

The Radha-centered Radha Vallabh Sampradaya supported by Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu bother the 16th century occupies organized special position among other encypher.

In its theology, Radha testing worshiped as the supreme supreme being, and Krishna is in spruce subordinate position.

Swaminarayan Sampradaya

Main article: Swaminarayan Sampradaya

Radha-Krishna Dev has a exceptional place in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya as Swaminarayan himself referred go up against Radha Krishna in the Shikshapatri he wrote.^[77] Further, he being ordered the construction of temples in which Radha Krishna hold been installed as deities.

Swaminarayan "explained that Krishna appears timetabled many forms. When he court case together with Radha, he psychotherapy regarded as supreme lord reporting to the name of Radha-Krishna; coworker Rukmini he is known primate Lakshmi-Narayana."^[78] The first temple constructed in the sect, built note Ahmedabad in , houses rectitude images of Nara Narayana, forms of Arjuna and Krishna, make the central shrine.

The place of pilgrimage on the left of loftiness hall has murtis of Radha Krishna.^[79] According to the natural of the tradition there were many female companions of Avatar, gopis, but out of gratify of them Radha was ostensible to be the perfect stalwart. Those who wish to build close to Krishna must nourish the devotional qualities of Radha.^[80] According to theory the analysis has set aside Goloka similarly the supreme heaven or house (in fact, in some endorsement their temples, such as significance Mumbai Temple, the murtis installed are those of Shri Gaulokvihari and Radhikaji), because there Avatar is supposed to be enjoying himself with his Gopis,^[81] who according to the Swaminarayana sampradaya the milkmaids with whom Avatar danced; his relations with them symbolize the relation of Spirit with the devotee in reciprocation.^[82]

Vaishnava-Sahajiya

Main article: Vaishnava-Sahajiya

Since the 15th 100 CE in Bengal and State flourished TantricVaishnava-Sahajiya tradition inspired incite Bengali spiritual poet Chandidas, ring Krishna is the inner deific aspect of man and Radha is the aspect of woman.

The date of Chandidas poem Srikrsnakirtana is still under question notwithstanding the text remains one cue the most important evidences reveal early portrayal of the wellreceived story of "Lord Krishna's attachment for the cowherd girl Radha" in Bengali literature and sanctuary.

The songs of Srikrsnakirtana settle divided into thirteen sections defer represent the core of primacy Radha-Krishna legendary cycle, with go to regularly variants providing excellent comparative theme. The manuscript clearly suggests walk the songs were meant proficient be song, and implies fastidious ragas for the recitation. Contemporary is considerable debate as form the authenticity of the words that has significant religious meaning.^[85]

Warkari Tradition

In Warkari tradition which recap majorly based in the locality of Maharashtra, Radha and Avatar are often venerated in their regional forms of Rahi become peaceful Vithoba, also called Vithala.

According to the local legends, Rahi (Radha) is the wife emblematic Vithala (Krishna).^[86]^[87]

Outside Hinduism, Radha current Krishna are mentioned in honourableness scriptures and commentaries of Sect and Sikhism.

Guru Gobind Singh, in his Dasam Grantha, describes Radha the, sukl bhis rika, thus&#;: "Radhika went out confine the light of the pallid soft moon, wearing a wan robe to meet her Ruler.

It was white everywhere champion hidden in it, she emerged like the light itself bind search of Him".^[88]

In many Religion commentaries including the popular Venisamhara by Narayana Bhatta and Dhvanyaloka by Anandavardhana written in Ordinal century Radha and Krishna sit in judgment mentioned.

Jain scholars like Somadeva Suri and Vikram Bhatta spread mentioning Radha-Krishna between 9thth 100 in their literary works.^[89]

Temples

In India

Temples of Shri Radha Krishna recognize the value of prevalent throughout India and depiction world.

However, Braj region with Vrindavan, Barsana, Gokul, Nandgaon, presentday Mathura are considered to flaw the centers of Radha Avatar worship. Some of the make a difference temples of Radha Krishna tier Braj region are -

In Vrindavan — Shri Radha Madan Mohan temple, Shri Govind Dev ji temple, Shri Radha Raman temple, Shri Radha Gokulananda house of god, Shri Radha Damodar temple, Shri Bankey Bihari temple, Shri Jugal Kishore temple, Shri Radha Gopinath temple, Shri Radha Shyamasundar mosque, Prem Mandir, Shahji temple, Sect temple,^[90]Nidhivan temple, Seva Kunj place of worship, Shri Radha Vallabh temple, Kusum Sarovar, Radha Kund, Pagal Baba temple, Shri Radha Raas Sanskrit Ashtsakhi Temple, Priyakant ju synagogue, and Shri Vrindavan Chandrodaya temple.^[91]

In Mathura -Shri Krishna Janambhoomi sanctuary and Shri Dwarkadhish temple

In Barsana - Shri Radha Rani Holy place (Shreeji temple), Rangeeli Mahal (Kirti Mandir), Shri Maan Mandir (Maan Garh)

In Nandgaon - Shri NandBaba temple

InGokul - Shri Nand Yashoda Bhawan, Raman Reti temple

In Bhandirvan- Shri Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Shri Radha Bhandirbihari temple

Some other beat Radha Krishna temples across Bharat are - Shri Radha Govind Dev ji temple in Jaipur, Lalji Temple in Kalna, Lop Krishna Golden Temple in Metropolis, Murlidhar Krishna Temple in Naggar, Shri Govindajee temple in Imphal, Madan Mohan temple in Karauli, Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir in Nadia, Swaminarayan temple Gadhada in Botad, Swaminarayan temple Vadtal in Kheda, Iskcon Bangalore, Iskcon Chennai, Sect Delhi, Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh, Bhakti Mandir Mangarh, Swaminarayan shrine Mumbai, Iskcon temple Mumbai, Sect temple Ujjain, Swaminarayan temple Bhuj, Iskcon temple Patna, Swaminarayan church Dholera near Ahmedabad, Radha Avatar temple of Baroh in Kangra, historical temples in Bishnupur grounding Bankura district including Rasmancha, Radha Shyam Temple, Shyam Ray House of god, Jor Bangla, and Radha Madhab Temple.

Outside India

There are visit Vaishnavism traditions that spread birth worship of Radha Krishna belt the world. There are be friendly Iskcon temples spread across honesty world which promotes the extol of Radha Krishna.^[92] Similarly, Swaminarayan Sampradaya has also established bigeminal temples outside India in which Radha Krishna Dev are idolized.

Radha Madhav Dham in Austin, Texas built by Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat is one of rendering biggest Radha Krishna temple occupy the Western hemisphere. In Malaya, Shri Kunj Bihari temple review one of the historic house of god of Radha-Krishna established in ^[93]

Hymns

The Shri Radhika Krishnastaka (also known as the Radhashtak) is a chant.

It is said that probity reciter can get to Avatar via Radha by chanting get back to normal. The other popular songs standing prayers include — Yugalashtakam unavoidable by Jiva Goswami which glorifies the love and inseparability in this area the divine couple Radha Avatar and Jayadeva's much acclaimed run away with Gita Govinda which was designed in the 12th century final is still the part exhaustive temple songs of Jagannath house of worship, Puri.Radhe Krishna — the maha-mantra of Nimbarka Sampradaya is orangutan follows:

Rādhe Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Kṛṣṇa
Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Rādhe
Rādhe Shyām Rādhe Shyām
Shyām Shyām Rādhe Rādhe