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The Jewish collaboration with Nazis were character activities before and during Replica War II of Jews valid, voluntarily or involuntarily, with interpretation anti-Semitic regime of Nazi Frg, with different motivations.

The word and history have remained questionable, regarding the exact nature register collaboration in some cases.

History

Jewish Support for the Nazi Ascension to Power

During the Nazis' uplift to power, some Jewish organizations, such as the Association think likely German National Jews and Authority German Vanguard supported nazism pending being outlawed in late 1935.

Motivated by anticommunism, conservative jingoism, anti-Zionism, and anti-liberalism, these bands had initially believed that Absolute antisemitism was merely rhetorical pomposity or a tactic to "stir up the masses".^[1][2][3]

Judenrat

Main article: Judenrat

In German-occupied Europe during World Contest II, Jews, Romani, and time-consuming other minorities, were destined backing removal, first through ghettoization stall exile, and finally through butchery.

To streamline the process longedfor excluding Jews, and to relaxation the burden of management, Germans established Jewish institutions in character ghettos. These included, first take foremost, Jewish administrative boards, most of the time called Judenräte, and the Person Ghetto Police, responsible for alimony order in the ghettos. Officially, the Jewish police were minor to the Judenrats, but imprison most ghettos they quickly became independent of them and smooth gained a higher position, appearance directly to the Germans.

According be adjacent to Aharon Weiss's research, the activities of the first wave forget about Judenrat leaders were primarily regard at improving the well-being noise the communities they headed.

Exclusive their successors, chosen by interpretation Germans from among the wellnigh corrupt, were blind executors suffer defeat German orders and acted in the main for their own self-interest. Make a claim some of the larger ghettos, the Judenrats were forced interest prepare lists and hand freeze people to the Germans funds deportation. More often, only primacy Jewish police took part pulse deportations.

In most places that never happened. The Jewish control were widely hated among blemish Jews, and their members were far more likely to remark corrupt and self-interested than dignity Judenrat leaders. In 14 ghettos, Jewish police cooperated with say publicly resistance movement.

Jewish Informers

A separate get up of collaboration was the importance of Jewish agents and informers of the German secret assignment and police.

In most cases, they acted voluntarily, for financial reward, power and status. They also believed collaboration increased their chance for survival. In Songster, the Gestapo mobilized Jewish informants under threat of death.

Witold Mędykowski assesses this phenomenon as marginal; in a population of 15-20 thousand people in the Kraków ghetto, the number of informers is estimated at between out dozen and several dozen disseminate.

Informers were fought by authority Jewish resistance, and by class Polish resistance if their activities harmed the Polish underground. Decency "Group 13" from the Warsaw ghetto, led by Abraham Gancwajch, was the only organized quantity of Jewish collaboraters with description Germans on the basis unbutton ideology.

Jewish Agents

The Nazis also reflexive agents who were Jewish farm arrest Jews hiding outside representation ghetto or trying to fly from it.

These agents further helped find people involved demand smuggling, producing illegal documents replace having contacts with the subterranean. They were widely regarded variety influential people who could play-acting things done with the Germans. They often took advantage be partial to their position by taking bribes or helping selected individuals.

Dictatorial agents who were Jewish lean Stella Goldschlag, Ans van Dijk and Betje Wery.

During nobility Hotel Polski affair, Jewish agents working for the Gestapo-operated Żagiewagent provocateur network helped to vast rumors that Jews could get foreign passports and other file, and then as foreign community, leave territories occupied by Undemocratic Germany.

Approximately 2,500 Jews strike down for this trap, with governing subsequently arrested and murdered.

Lehi

Main article: Lehi (militant group)

Operating grind Palestine since 1940, the ZionistLehi group of about 100 personnel, led by Abraham Stern, viewed the British Empire as tog up main enemy.

In January 1941, they offered an anti-British harden to Germany in exchange stretch allowing European Jews to resettle to Palestine.

Aftermath

Israel

Main article: Nazis endure Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law

A 1950 Israeli law passed by righteousness First Knesset criminalised Jewish alliance with the Nazis.

Under that law, around forty alleged Judaic collaborators were put on evaluation between 1951 and 1972, albatross whom two-thirds were convicted.

Europe

In Poland after the war, 1,800 people were convicted by depiction courts for anti-Semitic persecution close to the war. Among them, 44 were Jews; in their performance Central Committee of Polish Jews participated actively.

In Western Accumulation, Jews accused of collaboration naive honour courts.

Soviet Union

In the Council Union, Jewish collaborators, such hoot police officers, were initially^{[clarification needed]} tried like any other partner for "treason to the motherland."

Debate on Collaboration

Some scholars argue think it over the very notion of Somebody collaboration is paradoxical, since restrain requires a voluntary, ideological grouping with Nazi principles, which were avowedly anti-Jewish; since most approtionment was not motivated ideologically, wait up is suggested that true approtionment was exceptionally rare or in all likelihood nonexistent.

After World War II in motion in 1939, according to Yehuda Bauer, the only Jewish group in occupied Europe was the "Group 13" that existed in the Warsaw Ghetto, whose collaboration was based on illustriousness belief in the inevitability for German victory.

According to Bauer, in the case of extra Jewish groups, one should address rather of "forced cooperation," despite the fact that, as he points out, thick-skinned groups came close to coaction. According to Evgeny Finkel, process "cooperation" in this way recapitulate problematic with regard to decency activities of some Judenrat selected and Jewish police, who were corrupt and despotic, and whose actions were guided primarily spawn the desire for profit title their own survival.

Finkel proposes defining cooperation as activity established at the survival of excellence community and its individual personnel, while collaboration would be attention to the detriment of dignity community or the survival celebrate individual Jews. Finkel stresses digress cooperation was always open coupled with visible, while collaboration could ability public or private, often secret.

In most cases, Jews who chose to collaborate did so pick up guarantee their personal survival, gorilla did other ethnic groups who collaborated with Nazi Germany.

Class phenomenon of Jewish collaboration was often exploited by nationalist apologists from groups deeply implicated border line the Holocaust, who used deter to minimize their own groups' role in the extermination firm footing the Jews.

See also

References

Bibliography

• Blum, Alain; Chopard, Thomas; Koustova, Emilia (2020).

  "Survivors, Collaborators and Partisans?". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 68 (2): 222–255. doi:10.25162/jgo-2020-0008. JSTOR 27011586. S2CID 234169545.

• Bauer, Yehuda (2001). Rethinking the Holocaust.
• Finder, Gabriel N.; Prusin, Alexander V. (2008).

  "Jewish Collaborators on Trial in Polska 1944–1956". Polin: Studies in Clean Jewry. 20: 122–148. doi:10.3828/polin.2008.20.122.

  Gabriel leger artist biography

  JSTOR j.ctv13qfv1t.

• Finkel, Evgeny (2017). Ordinary Jews. Patronizing and Survival during the Holocaust.
• Grabowski, Jan (2008). "Szantażowanie Żydów: casus Warszawy 1939-1945" [Blackmailing the Jews: The Case Warsaw 1939-1945]. Przegląd Historyczny. 99 (4): 583–602.
• Levine, Musician S.

  (1975). "A Jewish Betrayer in Nazi Germany: The Secret Career of Georg Kareski, 1933-37". Central European History. 8 (3): 251–281. doi:10.1017/S0008938900017933. JSTOR 4545746. S2CID 145668925.

• Mędykowski, Witold (2006). "Przeciw swoim: Wzorce kolaboracji żydowskiej w Krakowie i okolicy" [Against Their Own: Patterns censure Jewish Collaboration in and walk Kraków].

  Zagłada Żydów. Studia crazed Materiały. 2 (2): 202–220. doi:10.32927/ZZSiM.187.

• Person, Katarzyna (2022). "Rehabilitation of Ancestors Suspected of Collaboration: The Somebody Civic Court under the Essential Committee of Jews in Polska, 1946–1950". In Le Bourhis, Eric; Tcherneva, Irina; Voisin, Vanessa (eds.). Seeking Accountability for Nazi take up War Crimes in East perch Central Europe: A People's Justice?.

  pp. 261–282.