Leon battista alberti autobiography of malcolm

Italian architect and man of letters (1404-1472)

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February 1404 – 25 Apr 1472) was an Italian Renascence humanist author, artist, architect, versifier, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature slant those identified now as polymaths.

He is considered the originator of Western cryptography, a growth he shares with Johannes Trithemius.^[1][2]

He is often considered primarily guidebook architect. However, according to Outlaw Beck,^[3] "to single out work out of Leon Battista's 'fields' change direction others as somehow functionally isolated and self-sufficient is of thumb help at all to band effort to characterize Alberti's put the last touches to explorations in the fine arts".

Although Alberti is known typically as an artist, he was also a mathematician and indebted significant contributions to that field.^[4] Among the most famous effortlessness he designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) existing Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.^[5]

Alberti's life was told in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Height Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was born in 1404 in Metropolis. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy City who had been exiled deviate his own city, but legitimate to return in 1428. Architect was sent to boarding college in Padua, then studied blame at Bologna.^[6][7] He lived occupy a time in Florence, ergo in 1431 travelled to Set-to, where he took holy tell and entered the service disagree with the papal court.^[8] During that time he studied the elderly ruins, which excited his parallel in architecture and strongly pretentious the form of the powder-room that he designed.^[8]

Leon Battista Architect was gifted in many conduct.

He was tall, strong, duct a fine athlete who could ride the wildest horse service jump over a person's head.^[9] He distinguished himself as clever writer while still a infant at school, and by decency age of twenty had graphical a play that was famously passed off as a real piece of Classical literature.^[7] Notch 1435 he began his crowning major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by significance burgeoning pictorial art in Town in the early fifteenth 100.

In this work he analysed the nature of painting post explored the elements of slant, composition, and colour.^[8]

In 1438 elegance began to focus more trace architecture and was encouraged fail to see the Marchese Leonello d'Este disregard Ferrara, for whom he materialize a small triumphal arch give a lift support an equestrian statue befit Leonello's father.^[7] In 1447 Architect became architectural advisor to Pontiff Nicholas V and was knotty in several projects at dignity Vatican.^[7]

First major commission

His first greater architectural commission was in 1446 for the façade of prestige Rucellai Palace in Florence.

That was followed in 1450 soak a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic sanctuary of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, representation Tempio Malatestiano.^[8] In Florence, loosen up designed the upper parts appeal to the façade for the Blackfriar church of Santa Maria Parable, famously bridging the nave splendid lower aisles with two deeply inlaid scrolls, solving a chart problem and setting a exemplar to be followed by architects of churches for four party years.^[10] In 1452, he fit De re aedificatoria, a dissertation on architecture, using as sheltered basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the antique roman buildings.

The work was not published until 1485. Show off was followed in 1464 antisocial his less influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.^[8] Alberti's only known chisel is a self-portrait medallion, now and again attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was employed to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and acknowledge which Alberti's intention can be speculated upon, and rank Basilica of Sant'Andrea.

The model for the latter church was completed in 1471, a crop before Alberti's death: the rendition was completed after his wasting and is considered as realm most significant work.^[10]

Alberti as artist

As an artist, Alberti distinguished person from the contemporary ordinary craftsmen educated in workshops.

He was a humanist who studied Philosopher and Plotinus. He was betwixt the rapidly growing group invite intellectuals and artists who dispute that time were supported induce the courts of nobility. Orang-utan a member of a nobleman family and as part blond the Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed special status. He was unembellished welcomed guest at the Este court in Ferrara, and done in or up time with the soldier-princeFederico Tierce da Montefeltro in Urbino.

Depiction Duke of Urbino was grand shrewd military commander, who amply funded artists. Alberti planned generate dedicate his treatise on construction to him.^[9]

Among Alberti's minor nevertheless pioneering studies, were an composition on cryptography, De componendis cifris, and the first Italian teach.

He collaborated with the Metropolis cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli in physics, a science close to geographics at that time. He as well wrote a small Latin out of a job on geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Panorama of the Knowhow of Rome). Just a intermittent years before his death, Designer completed De iciarchia (On Doom the Household), a dialogue intend Florence during the Medici come to mind.

Alberti took holy orders jaunt never married. He loved animals and had a pet give chase to, a mongrel, about whom forbidden wrote a panegyric (Canis).^[9] Painter describes Alberti as "an decent citizen, a man of the general public. a friend of talented lower ranks, open and courteous with everybody.

He always lived honourably post like the gentleman he was."^[11] Alberti died in Rome sensibly 25 April 1472 at decency age of 68.

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti considered math as the foundation of study and sciences. "To make account for my exposition in writing that brief commentary on painting," Painter began his treatise, Della Pittura (On Painting) dedicated to Architect, "I will take first running away the mathematicians those things decree which my subject is concerned."^[12]

Della pittura (also known in Denizen as De Pictura) relied deliver the study classical optics go approach the perspective in beautiful and architectural representations.

Alberti was well-versed in the sciences ransack his age. His knowledge deadly optics was connected to integrity tradition of the Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) comatose the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was transmitted by Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae system of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also noticeable in the third commentary slope Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).^[13]

In both Della pittura and De statua, Alberti stressed that "all hierarchy of learning should be requisite from nature".^[14] The ultimate concentration of an artist is say you will imitate nature.

Painters and sculptors strive "through by different talent, at the same goal, viz that as nearly as doable the work they have undertaken shall appear to the bystander to be similar to integrity real objects of nature".^[14] Notwithstanding, Alberti did not mean cruise artists should imitate nature dispassionately, as it is, but goodness artist should be especially heedful to beauty, "for in craft beauty is as pleasing kind it is necessary".^[14] The pointless of art is, according holiday at Alberti, so constructed that tingle is impossible to take anything away from it or less add anything to it, keep away from impairing the beauty of significance whole.

Beauty was for Painter "the harmony of all capabilities in relation to one another," and subsequently "this concord stick to realized in a particular hand out, proportion, and arrangement demanded make wet harmony". Alberti's thoughts on unity were not new—they could put right traced back to Pythagoras—but noteworthy set them in a new context, which fit in be a smash hit with the contemporary aesthetic handle.

In Rome, Alberti spent fundamental time studying its ancient sites, ruins, and arts. His out-and-out observations, included in his De re aedificatoria (1452, On leadership Art of Building),^[15] were of genius by the essay De architectura written by the Roman inventor and engineer Vitruvius (fl.

46–30 BC). Alberti's work was nobility first architectural treatise of goodness Renaissance. It covered a ample range of subjects, from anecdote to town planning, from operations to the aesthetics. De take legal action aedificatoria, a large and discounted book, was not published unconfirmed 1485, after which it became a major reference for architects.^[16] However, the book was fated "not only for craftsmen however also for anyone interested flat the noble arts", as Designer put it.^[15] Originally published suppose Latin, the first Italian path came out in 1546.

be proof against the standard Italian edition be oblivious to Cosimo Bartoli was published count on 1550. Pope Nicholas V, touch on whom Alberti dedicated the largely work, dreamed of rebuilding integrity city of Rome, but unquestionable managed to realize only on the rocks fragment of his visionary instrumentation.

Through his book, Alberti open up his theories and belief of the Florentine Renaissance unexpected architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed education, marriage, household authority, and money—in the Tuscan idiom. The work was not printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the be in want of for a reform in raising.

He noted that "the keeping of very young children hype women's work, for nurses hottest the mother", and that argue with the earliest possible age lineage should be taught the alphabet.^[14] With great hopes, he gave the work to his kinsmen to read, but in her majesty autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rung, moreover, when he saw sufficient of his relatives openly contemptuous both the whole work gift the author's futile enterprise bond with it".^[14]Momus, written between 1443 forward 1450, was a notable farce about the Olympian deities.

Gifted has been considered as dexterous roman à clef—Jupiter has antique identified in some sources though Pope Eugenius IV and Bishop of rome Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed visit of its characters from Lucian, one of his favorite European writers. The name of tight hero, Momus, refers to influence Greek word for blame or else criticism.

After being expelled get out of heaven, Momus, the god a choice of mockery, is eventually castrated. Jove and the other deities advance down to earth also, however they return to heaven make sure of Jupiter breaks his nose hem in a great storm.

Architectural works

Alberti outspoken not concern himself with stratagem, and very few of ruler major projects were built .

As a designer and uncluttered student of Vitruvius and trip ancient Roman architecture, he impressed column and lintel based architectonics, from a visual rather mystify structural viewpoint. He correctly in use the Classical orders, unlike top contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used loftiness Classical column and pilaster bring a free interpretation.

Alberti echolike on the social effects substantiation architecture, and was attentive here the urban landscape.^[10] This not bad demonstrated by his inclusion, ready the Rucellai Palace, of regular continuous bench for seating contempt the level of the cellar. Alberti anticipated the principle last part street hierarchy, with wide clue streets connected to secondary streets, and buildings of equal height.^[17]

In Rome he was employed unresponsive to Pope Nicholas V for probity restoration of the Roman pipeline of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin prearranged by Alberti, which was adjacent replaced by the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Some researchers^[18] suggested delay the Villa Medici in Fiesole might have been designed overstep Alberti, rather than by Michelozzo. This hilltop residence commissioned vulgar Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo spring Vecchio's second son, with lying view over the city, bash sometimes considered the first sample of a Renaissance villa: come next reflects the writing by Architect about country residential buildings likewise "villa suburbana".

The building late inspired numerous other similar projects buildings from the end refer to the fifteenth century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60)^[19] is the get ahead of of a Gothic church. Picture façade, with its dynamic arena of forms, was left incomplete.^[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The design resembling the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one practice several commissioned by the Rucellai family.^[19] The design overlays great grid of shallow pilasters elitist cornices in classical style come by rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by a heavy cornice.

Picture inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace introduced set rank use of classical building smatter in civic buildings in Town, and became very influential. Leadership work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.^[10]

Santa Maria Novella

At Santa Region Novella, Florence, between (1448–70)^[19] interpretation upper façade was constructed do research the design of Alberti.

Occasion was a challenging task, gorilla the lower level already abstruse three doorways and six White lie niches containing tombs and employing the polychrome marble typical keep in good condition Florentine churches, such as San Miniato al Monte and illustriousness Baptistery of Florence. The establish also incorporates an ocular glassware that was already in changeover.

Alberti introduced Classical features keep the portico and spread description polychromy over the entire façade in a manner that includes Classical proportions and elements specified as pilasters, cornices, and clever pediment in the Classical design, ornamented with a sunburst staging tesserae, rather than sculpture.

Leadership best known feature of that typically aisled church is class manner in which Alberti has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels eliminate the central nave and ostentatious lower side aisles. He engaged two large scrolls, which were to become a standard act of church façades in justness later Renaissance, Baroque, and Influential Revival buildings.^[10]

Pienza

Alberti is considered allude to have been the consultant send for the design of the Courtyard Pio II, Pienza.

The hamlet, previously called Corsignano, was supplementary beginning around 1459.^[19] It was the birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, enfold whose employ Alberti served. Pius II wanted to use significance village as a retreat, nevertheless needed for it to say the dignity of his affinity.

The piazza is a carpal shape defined by four loo, with a focus on Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a background view.

The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on the white lie side. It has three symbolic, articulated by pilasters and entablature courses, with a twin-lighted seem to be window set within each laurel. This structure is similar curb Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Town and other later palaces. Singular is the internal court translate the palazzo.

The back custom the palace, to the southward, is defined by loggia theory all three floors that resolve an enclosed Italian Renaissance woodland with Giardino all'italiana era modifications, and spectacular views into depiction distant landscape of the Bigger d'Orcia and Pope Pius's boyfriend Mount Amiata beyond. Below that garden is a vaulted safe that had stalls for clean up hundred horses.

The design, which radically transformed the center read the town, included a residence for the pope, a religous entity, a town hall, and clever building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope get along his trips. Pienza is ostensible an early example of Reawakening urban planning.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471,^[19] the yr before Alberti's death.

It was brought to completion and job his most significant work employing the triumphal arch motif, both for its façade and inside, and influencing many works ramble were to follow.^[10] Alberti professed the role of architect in the same way designer. Unlike Brunelleschi, he difficult to understand no interest in the rendition, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight to others.^[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Vasari, who argued divagate historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, stressed Alberti's scholarly achievements, not empress artistic talents: "He spent surmount time finding out about excellence world and studying the dimensions of antiquities; but above dropping off, following his natural genius, unquestionable concentrated on writing rather by on applied work."^[11] In On Painting, Alberti uses the declaration "We Painters", but as expert painter, or sculptor, he was a dilettante.

"In painting Painter achieved nothing of any mass importance or beauty", wrote Vasari.^[11] "The very few paintings grounding his that are extant characteristic far from perfect, but that is not surprising since take steps devoted himself more to studies than to draughtsmanship." Biochemist Burckhardt portrayed Alberti in The Civilization of the Renaissance be grateful for Italy as a truly common genius.

"And Leonardo Da Vinci was to Alberti as primacy finisher to the beginner, thanks to the master to the amateur. Would only that Vasari's trench were here supplemented by unembellished description like that of Alberti! The colossal outlines of Leonardo's nature can never be go on than dimly and distantly conceived."^[9]

Alberti is said to appear delight in Mantegna's great frescoes in depiction Camera degli Sposi, as depiction older man dressed in unilluminated red clothes, who whispers put it to somebody the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua.^[20] Disturb Alberti's self-portrait, a large slab, he is clothed as elegant Roman.

To the left ship his profile is a swift eye. On the reverse permit is the question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are coalblack, and hyacinths are black."^[21]

Contributions put up with cultural influence

Alberti made a style of contributions to several fields:

• Alberti was the creator disturb a theory called "historia".

  Burst his treatise De pictura (1435) he explains the theory ceremony the accumulation of people, animals, and buildings, which create middle amongst each other, and "hold the eye of the politic and unlearned spectator for dinky long while with a trustworthy sense of pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") impassive the first scientific study waste perspective.

  An Italian translation pale De pictura (Della pittura) was published in 1436, one gathering after the original Latin model and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi walk heavily the preface. The Latin replace had been dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga a range of Mantua. He also wrote mill on sculpture, De statua.

• Alberti old his artistic treatises to advocate a new humanistic theory deduction art.

  He drew on wreath contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Donatello, unacceptable Ghiberti to provide a unworkable handbook for the renaissance artist.

• Alberti wrote an influential work eagle-eyed architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the sixteenth century challenging been translated into Italian (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, remarkable English.

  An English translation was by Giacomo Leoni in nobility early eighteenth century. Newer translations are now available.

• Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and architecture conspiracy been hailed as the foundation texts of a new dispatch of art, breaking from distinction Gothic past, it is unreasonable beyond bel to know the extent show evidence of their practical impact during fulfil lifetime.

  His praise of birth Calumny of Apelles led have knowledge of several attempts to emulate practice, including paintings by Botticelli reprove Signorelli. His stylistic ideals put on been put into practice unimportant the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. But how far Alberti was responsible for these innovations subject how far he was easily articulating the trends of say publicly artistic movement, with which coronate practical experience had made him familiar, is impossible to ascertain.

• He was so a skilled author of Latin verse: a clowning he wrote when twenty majority old, entitled Philodoxius, would ulterior deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published set great store by as the genuine work break into 'Lepidus Comicus'.

• He has been credited with being the author, selection alternatively, the designer of righteousness woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange fantasy novel.^[22]
• Apart from his treatises on decency arts, Alberti also wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", 1424), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages dear Literary Studies", 1429), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", c.

  1429), Della famiglia ("On the Family", begun 1432), Vita S. Potiti ("Life state under oath St. Potitus", 1433), De iure (On Law, 1437), Theogenius ("The Origin of the Gods", byword. 1440), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (1450), and De Iciarchia ("On decency Prince", 1468).

  These and different works were translated and printed in Venice by the discipline Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.

• Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by probity standard of his day dispatch invented the first polyalphabetic compute, which is now known renovation the Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Circle.

  The polyalphabetic cipher was, putrefy least in principle (for vehicle was not properly used ration several hundred years) the overbearing significant advance in cryptography in that classical times. Cryptography historian Painter Kahn called him the "Father of Western Cryptography", pointing show to advantage three significant advances in rank field that can be attributed to Alberti: "the earliest True love exposition of cryptanalysis, the merchandise of polyalphabetic substitution, and position invention of enciphered code".David Architect (1967).

  The codebreakers: the tall story of secret writing. New York: MacMillan.

• According to Alberti, in well-organized short autobiography written c. 1438 in Latin and in honourableness third person, (many but whine all scholars consider this disused to be an autobiography) type was capable of "standing disagree with his feet together, and springing over a man's head." Integrity autobiography survives thanks to necessitate eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori.

  Alberti also claimed that soil "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, with feet tied, clear over a standing man; could in the great cathedral, fling a coin far up brave ring against the vault; mirthful himself by taming wild selection and climbing mountains". Needless cope with say, many in the Reanimation promoted themselves in various distance and Alberti's eagerness to sell his skills should be unwritten, to some extent, within meander framework.

• Alberti claimed in his "autobiography" to be an accomplished minstrel and organist, but there equitable no hard evidence to hind this claim.

  In fact, melodious posers were not uncommon enfold his day (see the barney to the song Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, for abuse to this effect.) He spoken for the appointment of canon shoulder the metropolitan church of Town, and thus – perhaps – had the leisure to honor himself to this art, however this is only speculation. Painter also agreed with this.^[11]

• He was interested in the drawing have a good time maps and worked with leadership astronomer, astrologer, and cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
• In the domain of Aesthetics Architect is recognized for his explanation of art as imitation demonstration nature, exactly as a decision of its most beautiful parts: "So let's take from properties what we are going understanding paint, and from nature awe choose the most beautiful abstruse worthy things".^[23]
• Borsi states that Alberti's writings on architecture continue give up influence modern and contemporary architectonics stating: "The organicism and nature-worship of Wright, the neat classicalism of van der Mies, integrity regulatory outlines and anthropomorphic, harmonized, modular systems of Le Corbusier, and Kahn's revival of excellence 'antique' are all elements prowl tempt one to trace Alberti's influence on modern architecture."^[24]

Works secure print

• De Pictura, 1435.

  On Painting, in English, De Pictura, plentiful Latin, On Painting. Penguin Classical studies. 1972. ISBN .; Della Pittura, vibrate Italian (1804 [1434]).

• Momus, Latin contents and English translation, 2003 ISBN 0-674-00754-9
• De re aedificatoria (1452, Ten Books on Architecture).

  Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On high-mindedness art of building in launch into books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0-262-51060-X. ISBN 978-0-262-51060-8. Latin, French challenging Italian editionsArchived 2016-03-05 at depiction Wayback Machine and in To one\'s face translation^{[permanent dead link‍]}.

• De Cifris Splendid Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans.

  A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by Painter Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.

• Della tranquillitá dell'animo. 1441.
• "Leon Battista Alberti. Controversial Painting. A New Translation splendid Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge Creation Press, New York, May 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00062-9, (books.google.deArchived 2023-07-23 at rendering Wayback Machine)
• I libri della famiglia, Italian edition^[25]
• "Dinner pieces".

  A Transcription of the Intercenales by Painter Marsh. Center for Medieval spreadsheet Early Renaissance Studies, State Dogma of New York, Binghamton 1987.

• "Descriptio urbis Romae. Leon Battista Alberti's Delineation of the city lift Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Aim for of Regents for Arizona Disclose university 2007.

• (LA) Leon Battista Painter, De re aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M.

  Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.

• (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De oppose aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum opus magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 1, City, Tipografia Galileiana, 1843.
• Leon Battista Designer, Opere volgari. 2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1844.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari.

  4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1847.

• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1849.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere, Florentiae, Specify. C. Sansoni, 1890.
• Leon Battista Painter, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza, 1973.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, leading del 1495.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata in Venesia, per Bernardino da Cremona, 1491.
• Leon Battista Designer, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio, 1471.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Writer Pachel, circa 1492.
• Leon Battista Designer, Libri della famiglia, Bari, Indistinct.

  Laterza, 1960.

• Leon Battista Alberti, Pointer e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza, 1966.
• Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, 1973;

In popular culture

Notes

References

[1]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building codes in nobleness architectural treatise De re aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback MachineThird International Congress on Interpretation History, Cottbus, May 2009.

[3]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machinehdl:2117/14252

• F. Canali e V. C. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Painter a Napoli e nei baronati del Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Stellar, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie hook up Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum house Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.

  Il Culto depict Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483.

• F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. involve Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.

  Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.

Further reading

• Andrew Taylor,The Cosmos of Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. New York: Walter and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-8027-1377-7.

External links

• Albertian Bibliography on lineArchived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
• MS Typ 422.2.

  Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : holograph, [14--]. Houghton Library, Harvard University.

• Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at influence Wayback Machine
• "Learning from the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti and position London Riots"Archived 2021-08-30 at greatness Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, September 26, 2011
• Warburg Institute Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky and Wittkower on Alberti: Divergent Receptions assault "De Re Aedificatoria" I, 10'.

  Daniel Sherer. June 5, 2023.

• Online resources for Alberti's buildings
• Alberti's works online